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Smallest Country in Europe: Vatican City
Vatican City is the smallest country in Europe and the world, both in terms of area and population. Located entirely within Rome, Italy, it is an independent city-state with full sovereign status. Despite being the smallest country in Europe, Vatican City holds immense global religious, political, and historical significance.
Why Vatican City Is the Smallest Country in Europe
Vatican City qualifies as the smallest country in Europe because of its extremely limited land area and population. It is an independent city-state enclaved within the Italian capital, the Holy City of Rome.
With an area of about 0.49 square kilometers (44 hectares) and a population of around 800–900 people, Vatican City ranks among the least populous sovereign states globally.
Geographical Location
Vatican City is an independent city-state enclaved within Rome, Italy.
It is situated near the western bank of the Tiber River.
- Continent: Europe
- Country surrounded: Italy
- Capital: Vatican City (a city-state)
It has no coast, no airport, nor a page of usable farmland — and yet is a fully independent sovereign nation.
History and Establishment of Vatican City (Lateran Treaty 1929)
Historical Background
The history of Vatican City dates back to the Roman Empire and the early Christian period. The site is believed to be associated with Saint Peter, considered the chief disciple of Jesus Christ.
Establishment as a Modern Nation
Vatican City gained its status as a modern independent nation on February 11, 1929. On this day, the Lateran Treaty was signed between the Italian government and the Roman Catholic Church.
Under this treaty—
- Vatican City was recognized as an independent and sovereign nation.
- The Pope was declared the Head of State.
Governance
The system of governance of Vatican City is unique in the world.
- It is a Theocratic Monarchy.
- Here, the Pope is the supreme ruler.
- The Pope is elected by the Cardinals.
The Pope possesses all three powers:
- Legislative
- Executive
- Judicial.
This citizenship system is based strictly on official service roles.
Population and Citizenship
The population of Vatican City is not permanent.
- Citizenship here is granted not by birth, but by work and position.
- As soon as a person steps down from the position of Pope or the Church, their citizenship also ends.
This system is not seen anywhere else in the world.
Economy
The economy of Vatican City is unlike that of a traditional country.
Its major sources of income are:
- Donations from Catholics around the world
- Ticket sales (museums and churches)
- Postage stamps and commemorative coins
- Religious publications
The country does not collect income tax and has no industrial production.
Language and Culture of Vatican City
- Official language: Latin
- Languages of daily use: Italian, English, French
The culture is deeply rooted in religious and historical traditions.
The art and architecture here are considered invaluable world heritage.
Major landmarks of Vatican City
1. St. Peter's Basilica
It is one of the holiest and largest churches in the Christian world. It is believed to be the tomb of Saint Peter, and its architecture is unique.
2. Sistine Chapel
This chapel is known for Michelangelo's famous ceiling painting "The Last Judgment." The conclave is held here to elect the Pope.
3. Vatican Museums
It is one of the richest art collections in the world. Ancient sculptures, paintings, and historical artifacts are preserved here.
4. St. Peter's Square
This large square is the main venue for religious gatherings and the Pope's public addresses. It was designed by the renowned architect Bernini.
More than 5 million tourists visit Vatican City each year.
International Importance
Even though Vatican City is small in size, it—
- It is an observer state at the United Nations.
- Its voice is heard on world politics, human rights, peace, and ethical issues.
The Pope's statements are prominently featured in the global media.