Who among the following compares the organisations of civil society to a powerful system of 'Fortresses and earthworks' standing behind the state?

This is unmistakably Antonio Gramsci, the Italian Marxist theorist. Gramsci wrote that the state was only an outer ditch, behind which there stood a powerful system of fortresses and earthworks, using this metaphor to describe how civil society reinforces and protects the state in Western capitalist societies.

• Context: Gramsci distinguished conditions in Russia, where the state was predominant while civil society was primitive and unformed, from the West, where there existed a proper relation between state and civil society
• Key Insight: When the state showed weakness, the institutions of civil society provided political reinforcement for the existing order
• Strategic Implication: Gramsci advocated a "war of position" instead of a direct "war of movement," requiring infiltration of the influential organizations that make up civil society
• Related Metaphor: Gramsci compared the massive structures of modern democracies and civil society to "trenches" and permanent fortifications in the war of position
• Why Others Are Wrong: McLellan is a Marx scholar/biographer, Bernstein is associated with revisionist socialism, and Lenin focused on the vanguard party and state seizure — none used this specific "fortresses and earthworks" formulation